Abstract:
This dataset comprises data from a series of peat cores extracted from Site KER3, Kerguelen Island.
Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters.
The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution.
This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.
Keywords:
geochemistry, geophysical analysis, inductively coupled mass spectrometry, multi-sensor core logging, peat, sub-Antarctic Islands, x-ray fluorescence
Roberts, S., De Vleeschouwer, F., Le Roux, G., Bishop, T., Davies, S., Gallego-Sala, A., Green, C., Perren, B., Saunders, K., Whittle, A., & Hodgson, D. (2025). Geochemical data from peat records collected from sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Island, Site KER3 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/dc11db5d-7a00-4239-8d8e-858b833698ef
| Use Constraints: | This data is governed by the NERC data policy (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/policy/) and supplied under Open Government Licence v.3 (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/). |
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| Creation Date: | 2025-11-27 |
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| Dataset Progress: | Planned |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | UK Polar Data Centre |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Stephen J Roberts |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Francois De Vleeschouwer |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Instituto Franco-Argentino para el Estudio del Clima y sus Impactos |
| Name | Gael Le Roux |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Centre de recherche sur la biodiversite et l'environnement |
| Name | Thomas Bishop |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Manchester, Department of Geography |
| Name | Sarah J Davies |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Aberystwyth University |
| Name | Angela Gallego-Sala |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Exeter, Department of Geography |
| Name | Charlotte Green |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Bianca Perren |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Krystyna M Saunders |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation |
| Name | Alex Whittle |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Instituto Franco-Argentino para el Estudio del Clima y sus Impactos |
| Name | Dr Dominic A Hodgson |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
| Reference: | Bertrand S., Tjallingii R., Kylander M., Wilhelm B., Roberts S., Arnaud F., Brown E. and Bindler R. (2024). Inorganic geochemistry of lake sediments: A review of analytical techniques and guidelines for data interpretation. Earth Science Reviews 249, 104639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104639. Blaauw M and Christen JA. (2011) Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6: 457-474. Boyle J.F., Chiverrell R.C. and Schillereff D. (2015). Approaches to water content correction and calibration for XRF core scanning: comparing x-ray scattering with simple regression of elemental concentrations, in: Croudace I.W. and Rothwell R.G. (Eds.), Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores. Developments in Palaeoenvironmental Research Series. Springer. Davies, S.J., Lamb, H.F., Roberts, S.J., 2015. Micro-XRF Core Scanning in Palaeolimnology: Recent Developments, in: Croudace I.W. and Rothwell R.G. (Eds.), Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 189-226. De Vleeschouwer, F., Roberts, S.J., Le Roux, G., Bishop T., Davies, S.J., Gallego-Sala, A., Green, C., Perren, B., Saunders, K.M., Whittle, A., Hodgson, D.A. (submitted). High resolution XRF-CS ICP-MS mineral element data calibration in sub-Antarctic peat records and applications to Southern Hemisphere westerly wind reconstructions. Submitted to Scientific Data Le Roux, G., De Vleeschouwer, F., 2010. Preparation of peat samples for inorganic geochemistry used as palaeoenvironmental proxies. Mires and Peat 7: Article 4. http://www.mires-and-peat.net/pages/volumes/map07/map0704.php Saunders, K.S., Roberts, S.J., Hodgson, D.A., et al., (2018). Holocene dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds: possible links to CO2 outgassing. Nature Geoscience, 11 650-655. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0186-5 |
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| Quality: | ITRAX XRF-CS scanner performance checks were undertaken using a synthetic glass standard and (informally) using XRF fused glass discs from the Ardley Lake and Yanou Lake sediment cores from the maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands, as these contain highly organic units (Roberts et al., 2017). For ICP-MS, blanks and several organic Certified Reference Materials (CRM) were run to assess accuracy and reproducibility for each element. The CRM were selected to match the composition and concentration range from pure organic material towards a mix between organic and mineral matrix: NIST-1547a (peach leaves), NIST-1515 (apple leaves), GBW-07603 (bush branches and leaves), IPE-176 (Phragmites communis) and NJV-94-1 (peat). Data resolution 1 mm XRF-CS data; ~1 cm. ICP-MS and subsample data; 5 mm. GEOTEK MSCL data; subsample data is ~1 cm as detailed in top and bottom depth measurements. |
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| Lineage/Methodology: | A series of peat cores were extracted from Site KER3, Kerguelen Island on 2017-01-06. ITRAX XRF core scanning (XRFCS) was used to track inputs of minerogenic aerosols into the peat, focusing on Ti as the most widely used indicator of allochthonous inputs. All cores were measured on the ITRAXTM XRF core scanner at Aberystwyth University using the same settings and type/make of X-Ray Mo-tube. Contiguous and non-destructive downcore XRF-CS was then undertaken using the same core scanner and a Molybdenum (Mo) anode X-ray tube (settings: 30 kV, 50 mA, count time 10 seconds per 1 mm distance travelled by the detector). Raw count per second (cps) XRF-CS data were produced using Cox Analytical Q-spec software v8.6.0, aiming for as low mean square errors (MSE) as possible, which is indicative of an optimal fit between 'as measured' and modelled spectra. XRF-CS measurements were made over a period of four years between 2015 and 2019, shortly after cores had returned from each of the field sites. In that time, a new detector with higher count rates was fitted to the Aberystwyth ITRAX core scanner in 2016. To account for this, and other internal differences in cps caused by downcore variations in count rates, tube ageing, and variable matrix density, water and organic content, raw cps data should be normalised by incoherent scatter, calculated as percentages of total element and scatter cps sum (percentage cps) (Saunders et al., 2018), and/or centred log ratios (clr) - these datasets have been constructed and are available and code to transform the cps dataset as described above can be found in the following link: https://github.com/stever60/ACE_peat_calibration. Incoherent and coherent scatter ratios can be used as proxies for changes in dry mass (coh./inc.; following Boyle et al., 2015) and have been linked to changes in water (and organic) content (inc./coh) (Davies et al., 2015; Bertrand et al., 2024). For GEOTEK MSCL data, intact half cores were slowly defrosted while vacuum-packed to minimise shrinkage and then analysed with a non-destructive Geotek® multi-sensor core logger (MSCL) (Gunn and Best, 1998) to obtain gamma-ray wet density (gamma-density; GRD),resistivity and magnetic susceptibility (MSK; SIx10-5) data (Bartington Instruments: MS2E point sensor, 2 or 5 mm interval; 10 seconds measurement time) and volume specific (density-corrected) MSx (K/P; kg m-3) using Geotek Software. Age models were constructed using the RBacon and the 2020 radiocarbon calibration curve using the R package BACON v. 2.5 for Bayesian age-depth modelling (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). Data for the age-depth models is published elsewhere, only outputs from specified depths are included in this dataset. Following XRF-CS and MSCL analysis, cores were frozen and sliced at ~1 cm intervals using a stainless-steel band saw, divided into three sub-samples (for density/geochemistry, dating/macrofossil and archive) using ceramic knives and Teflon boards, and stored frozen in plastic Ziplock bags. Water content and dry bulk density were calculated by weighing samples before and after freeze-drying, and by measuring the dimensions of each fresh density/geochemistry sample using a vernier calliper30. Subsamples for ICP-MS were prepared following the method in Le Roux and De Vleeschouwer (2010). Dry samples were homogenised in 15-50 ml falcon digitubes with eight glass beads of 4 mm using a FastPrep-24 (3x20 s at 6 m s-1) and then digested in a class 100 clean room at CRBE (Toulouse, France) following an established protocol whereby 100 mg of bulk sample was digested in Teflon vials on hot plates using an ultrapure HNO3-HF mixture (Optima ThermoFisher) at 110degreesC for 48 h followed by evaporation steps (50degreesC) and re-digestion using an HNO3-HCl mixture if required. Samples were then evaporated, 2 ml of HNO3 were added and following proper dilutions for ICP-MS, measurements were performed using ultrapure water (18.2Momega-cmELGA LabWater, Veolia). Age models were constructed using the RBacon and the 2020 radiocarbon calibration curve using the R package BACON v. 2.5 for Bayesian age-depth modelling (Blaauw and Christen, 2011). Data for the age-depth models is published elsewhere - mean ages and errors for specified depths in the XRFCS dataset are included here. |
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| Temporal Coverage: | |
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| Start Date | 2017-01-06 |
| End Date | 2017-01-06 |
| Paleo Temporal Coverage: | |
| Paleo Start Date | 0 |
| Paleo End Date | 10,040 |
| Chronostratigraphic Unit | N/A |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | -49.14987 |
| Northernmost | -49.14987 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | 70.22813 |
| Easternmost | 70.22813 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | 0 |
| Max Depth | 207 |
| Location: | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Detailed Location | Kerguelen Island |
| Data Collection: | XRF-CS measurements were made shortly after cores had returned from each of the field sites. Contiguous and non-destructive downcore XRF-CS was then undertaken using the same core scanner and a Molybdenum (Mo) anode X-ray tube (settings: 30 kV, 50 mA, count time 10 seconds per 1 mm distance travelled by the detector). Raw count per second (cps) XRF-CS data were produced using Cox Analytical Q-spec software v8.6.0, aiming for as low mean square errors (MSE) as possible, which is indicative of an optimal fit between 'as measured' and modelled spectra. For ICP-MS, measurements were either done on a quadrupole ICP-MS equipped with a collision cell (Agilent Technologies 7500ce, Toulouse, France) or a Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS (iCap TQ, Thermoscientific) at Observatoire Midi Pyrenees (Toulouse, France). The ICP-MS instruments were calibrated using a synthetic multi-element standard while an InRe solution was used as an internal standard. Procedural blanks were regularly measured and showed negligible values. |
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| Data Storage: | x4 .csv |
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