Abstract:
We present here Bedmap2 (2013), a suite of gridded products describing surface elevation, ice-thickness and the sea floor and subglacial bed elevation of the Antarctic south of 60deg S. We derived these products using data from a variety of sources, including many substantial surveys completed since the original Bedmap compilation (Bedmap1) in 2001. In particular, the Bedmap2 ice thickness grid is made from 25 million measurements, over two orders of magnitude more than were used in Bedmap1. In most parts of Antarctica the subglacial landscape is visible in much greater detail than was previously available and the improved data coverage has in many areas revealed the full scale of mountain ranges, valleys, basins and troughs, only fragments of which were previously indicated in local surveys. The derived statistics for Bedmap2 show that the volume of ice contained in the Antarctic ice sheet (27 million km3) and its potential contribution to sea-level rise (58 m) are similar to those of Bedmap1, but the mean thickness of the ice sheet is 4.6 % greater, the mean depth of the bed beneath the grounded ice sheet is 72 m lower and the area of ice sheet grounded on bed below sea level is increased by 10 %. The Bedmap2 compilation highlights several areas beneath the ice sheet where the bed elevation is substantially lower than the deepest bed indicated by Bedmap1. These products, along with grids of data coverage and uncertainty, provide new opportunities for detailed modelling of the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets.
The associated Bedmap datasets are listed here: https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/bedmap/#data
The compilation of Bedmap2 products was undertaken within the British Antarctic Survey's programme, Polar Science for Planet Earth.
Keywords:
Antarctica, BEDMAP, Elevation, Ice thickness
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H., Vaughan, D., Bamber, J., Barrand, N., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A., Corr, H., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., ... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP2 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - gridding products (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/fa5d606c-dc95-47ee-9016-7a82e446f2f2
| Access Constraints: | None |
|---|---|
| Use Constraints: | This data is covered by a Creative Commons License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Further by downloading this data the user acknowledges that they agree with the NERC data policy (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/policy.asp), and the following conditions: 1. To cite the data and the Bedmap2 publication in any publication as follows: REFERENCE: Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013. DATA: Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H., Vaughan, D., Bamber, J., Barrand, N., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A., Corr, H., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., ... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP2 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - gridding products (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/FA5D606C-DC95-47EE-9016-7A82E446F2F2 2. The user recognizes the limitations of data. Use of the data is at the users' own risk, and there is no warranty as to the quality or accuracy of any data, or the fitness of the data for your intended use. The data are not necessarily fully quality assured and cannot be expected to be free from measurement uncertainty, systematic biases, or errors of interpretation or analysis, and may include inaccuracies in error margins quoted with the data. |
| Creation Date: | 2022-02-28 |
|---|---|
| Dataset Progress: | Planned |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | PDC BAS |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Peter T Fretwell |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Hamish D Pritchard |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Prof David G Vaughan |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Jonathan Bamber |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Bristol |
| Name | Dr N. E Barrand |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr R.E. Bell |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA |
| Name | Dr C Bianchi |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia |
| Name | Prof Robert Bingham |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
| Name | Dr Donald Blankenship |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas |
| Name | Dr G. Casassa |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Centro de Estudios Cientificos |
| Name | Dr Ginny Catania |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Texas |
| Name | Dr D. Callens |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Universite Libre de Bruxelles |
| Name | Dr H Conway |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington |
| Name | Dr Alison J Cook |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Mr Hugh Corr |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr D Damaske |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen |
| Name | Dr V. Damm |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources |
| Name | Dr Fausto Ferraccioli |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Rene Forsberg |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | DTU Space |
| Name | Dr S. Fujita |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | National Institute of Polar Research |
| Name | Dr Y. Gim |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Jet Propulsion Laboratory. California Institute of Technology |
| Name | Dr P. Gogineni |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Alabama |
| Name | Dr J. A Griggs |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol |
| Name | Dr Richard Hindmarsh |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr P. Holmlund |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Stockholm University |
| Name | Dr J.W. Holt |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of Arizona |
| Name | Dr R. W Jacobel |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | St. Olaf College |
| Name | Dr Adrian Jenkins |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Northumbria University |
| Name | Dr Wilfried Jokat |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research |
| Name | Dr Tom A Jordan |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Edward King |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Jack Kohler |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Norwegian Polar Institute |
| Name | Dr W. Krabill |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | NASA Wallops Flight Facility |
| Name | Dr M. Riger-Kusk |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Western Norway University of Applied Sciences |
| Name | Dr K. A Langley |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo |
| Name | Dr G. Leitchenkov |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean |
| Name | Dr C. Leuschen |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Centre for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, University of Kansas |
| Name | Dr B. Luyendyk |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Earth Research Institute, University of California |
| Name | Dr Kenichi Matsuoka |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Norwegian Polar Institute |
| Name | Dr Jeremie Mouginot |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Univeristy of California |
| Name | Dr Frank O Nitsche |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University |
| Name | Dr Y. Nogi |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan |
| Name | Dr O. A Nost |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Norwegian Polar Institute |
| Name | Dr S. V Popov |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Polar Marine Geosurvey Expedition |
| Name | Dr Eric Rignot |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of California |
| Name | Dr David Rippin |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | University of York |
| Name | Dr Andres Rivera |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Centro de Estudios Cientificos |
| Name | J.L. Roberts |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania |
| Name | Dr Neil Ross |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Newcastle University |
| Name | Dr Martin Siegert |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Imperial College London |
| Name | Dr Andrew M Smith |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr D. Steinhage |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research |
| Name | Dr M. Studinger |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |
| Name | Dr B. Sun |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Polar Research Institute of China |
| Name | Dr Kirsty Tinto |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory |
| Name | Dr B. C Welch |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | St. Olaf College |
| Name | Dr D.S. Wilson |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Marine Science Institute, University of California |
| Name | Dr Duncan Young |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas |
| Name | Dr C. Xiangbin |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Polar Research Institute of China |
| Name | Dr A. Zirizzotti |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
| Reference: | REFERENCE MATERIALS Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013. Lythe, M. B. and Vaughan, D. G.: BEDMAP-bed topography of the Antarctic, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, 2000. Lythe, M. B. and Vaughan, D. G.: BEDMAP: A new ice thickness and subglacial topographic model of Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106, 11335-11351, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900449, 2001. DATA: BEDMAP1 Lythe, M., Vaughan, D., BEDMAP 1, consortia, Fremand, A., & Bodart, J. (2022). BEDMAP1 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised data points (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/F64815EC-4077-4432-9F55-0CE230F46029 Lythe, M., Vaughan, D., BEDMAP 1, consortia, Fremand, A., & Bodart, J. (2022). BEDMAP1 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised shapefiles and geopackages (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/925AC4EC-2A9D-461A-BFAA-6314EB0888C8 BEDMAP2 Fretwell, P., Fremand, A., Bodart, J., Pritchard, H., Vaughan, D., Bamber, J., Barrand, N., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A., Corr, H., Damaske, D., Damn, V., ... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP2 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised data points (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/2FD95199-365E-4DA1-AE26-3B6D48B3E6AC Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H., Vaughan, D., Bamber, J., Barrand, N., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A., Corr, H., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., ... Bodart, J. (2022). BEDMAP2 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised shapefiles and geopackages (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/0F90D926-99CE-43C9-B536-0C7791D1728B Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H., Vaughan, D., Bamber, J., Barrand, N., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A., Corr, H., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., ... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP2 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - gridding products (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/FA5D606C-DC95-47EE-9016-7A82E446F2F2 BEDMAP3 Fremand, A., Fretwell, P., Bodart, J., Pritchard, H., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Drews, R., .... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP3 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised data points (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/91523FF9-D621-46B3-87F7-FFB6EFCD1847 Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H., Fremand, A., Bodart, J., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R. E., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R., Blankenship, D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damn, V., Drews, R., ... Zirizzotti, A. (2022). BEDMAP3 - Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica - standardised shapefiles and geopackages (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/A72A50C6-A829-4E12-9F9A-5A683A1ACC4A |
|
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| Lineage: | We derived these products using data from a variety of sources, including many substantial surveys completed since the original Bedmap compilation (Bedmap1) in 2001. In particular, the Bedmap2 ice thickness grid is made from 25 million measurements, over two orders of magnitude more than were used in Bedmap1. In most parts of Antarctica the subglacial landscape is visible in much greater detail than was previously available and the improved data coverage has in many areas revealed the full scale of mountain ranges, valleys, basins and troughs, only fragments of which were previously indicated in local surveys. The derived statistics for Bedmap2 show that the volume of ice contained in the Antarctic ice sheet (27 million km3) and its potential contribution to sea-level rise (58 m) are similar to those of Bedmap1, but the mean thickness of the ice sheet is 4.6 % greater, the mean depth of the bed beneath the grounded ice sheet is 72 m lower and the area of ice sheet grounded on bed below sea level is increased by 10 %. The Bedmap2 compilation highlights several areas beneath the ice sheet where the bed elevation is substantially lower than the deepest bed indicated by Bedmap1. These products, along with grids of data coverage and uncertainty, provide new opportunities for detailed modelling of the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets. These data have been previously published in 2013. To preserve the data, the data have been submitted to the UK Polar Data Centre and published in 2022. |
|
| Temporal Coverage: | |
|---|---|
| Start Date | 1991-01-01 |
| End Date | 2013-12-31 |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | -90 |
| Northernmost | -60 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | -180 |
| Easternmost | 180 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Data Resolution: | |
| Latitude Resolution | N/A |
| Longitude Resolution | N/A |
| Horizontal Resolution Range | 1 km - < 10 km or approximately .01 degree - < .09 degree |
| Vertical Resolution | N/A |
| Vertical Resolution Range | N/A |
| Temporal Resolution | N/A |
| Temporal Resolution Range | N/A |
| Location: | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Detailed Location | N/A |
| Sensor(s): |
|
|---|
| Distribution: | |
|---|---|
| Distribution Media | Online Internet (HTTP) |
| Distribution Size | 4.6 GB |
| Distribution Format | ASCII |
| Fees | N/A |
| Data Storage: | The dataset consists of the following files: * Bedmap2 grids provided in geoTIFF and ASCII formats giving information about the ice thickness, bed and surface elevation, bed and thickness uncertainties as well as a ice mask, a lake mask of Vostok and a rockmask. * Associated resources: Arthern accumulation and Rignot velicity grids provided as ASCII and geoTIFF files |